In 19th century prominent women’s movement in America and Britain, it’s primarily focused on the upliftment of the position of women in the society. Discourse on women’s issue in India was enlightened by men during British rule.
New Zealand was the first country to give women the right to vote in 1893 followed by Nordic countries like Finland and Norway. The United States and the United Kingdom achieved suffrage in 1920 and 1928, respectively.
Indian women first gained a limited right to vote in 1921 under British rule. Full and universal voting rights for all women on an equal basis with men were granted when the Constitution of India came into effect on January 26, 1950.
Harmful Traditional Practices in India according to manusmriti before 19th century:
Sati System: Widow immolation practice abolished through Bengal Sati Regulation Act (1829) after reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s persistent advocacy
Child Marriage: Girls married before puberty faced health risks, leading to Age of Consent Act (1891) raising minimum age to 12 years.
Widow Remarriage Prohibition: Social ostracism of widows addressed through Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act (1856) by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
Purdah System: Female seclusion limiting women’s social participation and mobility.
Devadasi System: Temple prostitution under religious sanction affecting thousands of women.
Female Literacy Crisis: Only 0.6% women literate in 1901 compared to 9.8% men.
Economic Dependence: Complete financial reliance on male family members.
Professional Restrictions: Exclusion from employment and public life.
Property Rights Denial: No inheritance or ownership rights under traditional laws.
After indipendence The Hindu Code Bill (1955-56) remains a milestone in India’s legal and social history, symbolizing the struggle for gender justice. It was not a complete stop to regressive practices, but it shifted the legal framework toward equality, empowering generations of women to claim their rights.
In today’s times, I see many empowered women who have forgotten the struggles of their grandmothers both paternal and maternal. Yet now they desire again a religious nation ‘Hindu Rashtra’ rule of manusmriti. They have achieved their own progress, but they want to push the next generation back into that same struggle.









